- Overview of Article I, Legislative Branch
- Section 1 Legislative Vesting Clause
- Overview of Legislative Vesting Clause
- Historical Background
- Legislative Power in the Constitutional Framework
- Delegations of Legislative Power
- Nondelegation Doctrine
- Overview of Nondelegation Doctrine
- Historical Background on Nondelegation Doctrine
- Origin of Intelligible Principle Standard
- Nature and Scope of Intelligible Principle Doctrine
- Agency Discretion, Chevron Deference, and Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
- Major Questions Doctrine and Canons of Statutory Construction
- Overview of Nondelegation Doctrine
- Categories of Legislative Power Delegations
- Criminal Statutes and Nondelegation Doctrine
- Delegations of Foreign and Military Affairs to the President
- States and Legislative Power Delegations
- Quasi-Governmental Entities and Legislative Power Delegations
- Private Entities and Legislative Power Delegations
- Taxes and Delegations of Legislative Power Delegations
- Individual Liberties and Delegations of Legislative Power
- Criminal Statutes and Nondelegation Doctrine
- Overview of Legislative Vesting Clause
- Section 2 House of Representatives
- Section 3 Senate
- Section 4 Congress
- Section 5 Proceedings
- Section 6 Rights and Disabilities
- Clause 1 Pay, Privileges, and Immunities
- Compensation of Members of Congress
- Privilege from Arrest
- Speech or Debate
- Overview of Speech or Debate Clause
- Historical Background on Speech or Debate Clause
- Activities to Which Speech or Debate Clause Applies
- Distraction Rationale and Speech or Debate Clause
- Communications Outside the Legislative Process
- Subpoena Power and Congress
- Persons Who Can Claim the Speech or Debate Privilege
- Overview of Speech or Debate Clause
- Compensation of Members of Congress
- Clause 2 Bar on Holding Federal Office
- Clause 1 Pay, Privileges, and Immunities
- Section 7 Legislation
- Section 8 Enumerated Powers
- Overview of Congress's Enumerated Powers
- Clause 1 General Welfare
- Taxing Power
- Spending Power
- Overview of Spending Clause
- Historical Background on Spending Clause
- Early Spending Clause Jurisprudence
- Modern Spending Clause Jurisprudence Generally
- Clear Notice Requirement and Spending Clause
- Anti-Coercion Requirement and Spending Clause
- General Welfare, Relatedness, and Independent Constitutional Bars
- Overview of Spending Clause
- Clause 2 Borrowing
- Clause 3 Commerce
- Overview of Commerce Clause
- Meaning of Commerce
- Meaning of Among the Several States in the Commerce Clause
- Meaning of Regulate in the Commerce Clause
- Historical Background
- Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and Sugar Trust Case
- Current of Commerce Concept and 1905 Swift Case
- Packers and Stockyards Act of 1921 and Grain Futures Act of 1922
- New Deal Legislation Generally
- National Industrial Recovery and Agricultural Adjustment Acts of 1933
- Railroad Retirement and Securities Exchange Acts of 1934
- Public Utility Holding Company and Bituminous Coal Conservation Acts of 1935
- National Labor Relations Act of 1935
- Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937
- Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
- Dual Federalism and Commerce Clause
- Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and Sugar Trust Case
- Modern Doctrine
- United States v. Lopez and Interstate Commerce Clause
- Channels of Interstate Commerce
- Persons or Things in and Instrumentalities of Interstate Commerce
- Intrastate Activities Having a Substantial Relation to Interstate Commerce
- Limits on Federal Regulation of Intrastate Activity
- Regulation of Activity Versus Inactivity
- Regulation of Interstate Commerce to Achieve Policy Goals
- Civil Rights and Commerce Clause
- Criminal Law and Commerce Clause
- United States v. Lopez and Interstate Commerce Clause
- Dormant Commerce Clause
- Overview of Dormant Commerce Clause
- Historical Background on Dormant Commerce Clause
- Early Dormant Commerce Clause Jurisprudence
- Modern Dormant Commerce Clause Jurisprudence Generally
- General Prohibition on Facial Discrimination
- State Proprietary Activity (Market Participant) Exception
- Congressional Authorization of Otherwise Impermissible State Action
- Facially Neutral Laws and Dormant Commerce Clause
- Local Laws and Traditional Government Functions
- Foreign Commerce and State Powers
- State Taxation
- Overview of State Taxation and Dormant Commerce Clause
- Early Dormant Commerce Clause Jurisprudence and State Taxation
- Modern Dormant Commerce Clause Jurisprudence and State Taxation
- Nexus Prong of Complete Auto Test for Taxes on Interstate Commerce
- Apportionment Prong of Complete Auto Test for Taxes on Interstate Commerce
- Discrimination Prong of Complete Auto Test for Taxes on Interstate Commerce
- Benefit Prong of Complete Auto Test for Taxes on Interstate Commerce
- Overview of State Taxation and Dormant Commerce Clause
- Overview of Dormant Commerce Clause
- Foreign
- Indian Tribes
- Overview of Commerce Clause
- Clause 4 Uniform Laws
- Clause 5 Standards
- Clause 6 Counterfeiters
- Clause 7 Post Offices
- Clause 8 Intellectual Property
- Clause 9 Courts
- Clause 10 Maritime Crimes
- Clause 11 War Powers
- Congressional War Powers
- Declare War Clause
- Overview of Declare War Clause
- Declarations of War vs. Authorizations for Use of Military Force (AUMF)
- Legislative and Executive Branch Views on the Declare War Clause
- Enemy Property and Congress's War Powers
- Prizes of War and Congress's War Powers
- Historical Background
- Supreme Court Jurisprudence and Interbranch Practice
- Overview of Supreme Court Jurisprudence and War Powers
- Quasi War with France from 1798–1800 and War Powers
- War of 1812, Mexican War, and War Powers
- Civil War, War Powers, and The Prize Cases
- Civil War, and Executive and Legislative Powers
- From the Spanish American War to World War I and Total War
- World War II and the Use of War Powers
- Cold War Military Action, NATO, and the United Nations
- International Police Action and the Korean War
- Presidential and Congressional Power in the Vietnam War
- Post-Cold War Presidential Authority and Persian Gulf War of 1991
- September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks and War Powers
- Presidential Power in 2003 Iraq War and Other 21st-Century Operations
- Overview of Supreme Court Jurisprudence and War Powers
- Overview of Declare War Clause
- Clause 12 Army
- Clause 13 Navy
- Clause 14 Land and Naval Forces Rules
- Clause 15 Calling Militias
- Clause 16 Organizing Militias
- Clause 17 Enclave Clause
- Clause 18 Necessary and Proper Clause
- Overview of Necessary and Proper Clause
- Historical Background on Necessary and Proper Clause
- Necessary and Proper Clause Early Doctrine and McCulloch v. Maryland
- Nineteenth Century Evolution of Necessary and Proper Clause Jurisprudence
- Modern Necessary and Proper Clause Doctrine
- Meaning of Proper
- Investigations and Oversight
- Overview of Congress's Investigation and Oversight Powers
- Historical Background on Congress's Investigation and Oversight Powers
- Congress's Investigation and Oversight Powers (1787–1864)
- Congress's Investigation and Oversight Powers (1865–1940)
- Congress's Investigation and Oversight Powers (1940–1970)
- Rules-Based Limits of Congress's Investigation and Oversight Powers
- Constitutional Limits of Congress's Investigation and Oversight Powers
- Watergate, Church, and Pike Investigations of Congress
- Congress's Investigatory Powers Generally
- Congress's Investigatory Powers and the President
- Overview of Congress's Investigation and Oversight Powers
- Immigration
- Overview of Necessary and Proper Clause
- Overview of Congress's Enumerated Powers
- Section 9 Powers Denied Congress
- Clause 1 Migration or Importation
- Clause 2 Habeas Corpus
- Clause 3 Nullification
- Historical Background on Bills of Attainder
- Bills of Attainder Doctrine
- Ex Post Facto Laws
- Overview of Ex Post Facto Laws
- Historical Background on Ex Post Facto Laws
- Retroactivity of Ex Post Facto Laws
- Ex Post Facto Law Prohibition Limited to Penal Laws
- Increasing Punishment and Ex Post Facto Laws
- Imposing Criminal Liability and Ex Post Facto Laws
- Civil Commitment, Sex Offender Registration, and Ex Post Facto Laws
- Procedural Changes and Ex Post Facto Laws
- Employment Qualifications and Ex Post Facto Laws
- Retroactive Taxes and Ex Post Facto Laws
- Ex Post Facto Prohibition and Judicial Decisions
- Ex Post Facto Laws, Deportation, and Related Issues
- Overview of Ex Post Facto Laws
- Historical Background on Bills of Attainder
- Clause 4 Direct Taxes
- Clause 5 Exports
- Clause 6 Ports
- Clause 7 Appropriations
- Clause 8 Titles of Nobility and Foreign Emoluments
- Section 10 Powers Denied States
- Clause 1 Proscribed Powers
- Clause 2 Import-Export
- Clause 3 Acts Requiring Consent of Congress